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Problematic use of the Internet as measured by the Internet Addiction Test reflects a quasi-trait - a unipolar dimension in which most variance is restricted to a subset of people with problems regulating Internet use. In the larger Stellenbosch dataset, there was evidence for two subtypes of problematic use of the Internet that differed in severity: a lower severity “impulsive” subtype (linked with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder), and a higher severity “compulsive” subtype (linked with obsessive-compulsive personality traits). Internet Addiction Test scores clearly differentiated these groups, but with different optimal cut-offs at each site. Latent class analysis identified two groups: those essentially free from Internet use problems, and those with problematic use of the Internet situated along a unidimensional spectrum. Internet Addiction Test data were optimally conceptualized as unidimensional. The psychometric properties of the Internet Addiction Test, and potential problematic use of the Internet subtypes, were characterized using factor analysis and latent class analysis. The online questions also included demographic measures, time spent engaging in different online activities, and clinical scales.

Participants completed an online version of the Internet Addiction Test, a widely used measure of problematic use of the Internet consisting of 20-items, measured on a 5-point Likert-scale. Non-treatment seeking individuals were recruited from the community of Stellenbosch, South Africa ( N = 1661), and Chicago, United States of America ( N = 827). Knowledge regarding the optimal classification of problematic use of the Internet, subtypes, and associations with clinical disorders has been hindered by reliance on measurement instruments characterized by limited psychometric properties and external validation. Problematic use of the Internet has been highlighted as needing further study by international bodies, including the European Union and American Psychiatric Association.

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